Informative Serial Killers Essay - 812 Words

Informative Speech Serial Killers Specific Purpose: I want to inform my audience about serial killers, the type of person that commits these horrendous crimes. Introduction 1. Attention-getting remarks: What would you do as a young, cute college girl at the grocery store saw a clean cut nice looking man with a cast on his arm struggling with his groceries, he ask you for your help. Would you help him? Ted Bundy one of the most infamous serial killers of our time would put a fake cast on his arm, and ask his intended victim for help carrying his groceries to his car once there the would hit them with a tire iron. Take them and rape and beat them to death with the tire iron. 2. Need for listening: Serial killers come in†¦show more content†¦3. Typical characteristics of a serial killer a. Bright to high IQ b. Trouble staying employed, menial jobs c. Abandoned by fathers at early age raised by domineering mothers. d. History of psychological problems within the family e. Criminal or alcohol abuse in family. f. Often abused by a family member, sexually mentally and physically. g. More than 60% wet their beds beyond age 12. h. They were frequent ly bullied as a child i. Involved in sadistic activity and torturing animals j. Fascinated by setting fires 4. Serial killers also show signs of a psychopath though this is not always the case. Psychopaths lack empathy and guilt, are egocentric and impulsive and don’t conform to social, moral, or legal norms. Psychopaths have a distinct set of rules for themselves. They appear normal and are often very charming and charismatic. 5. Angels of mercy medical professionals will kill their patients for financial gain, or just because they can, or they feel like they are helping their patients by getting rid of the pain or sickness. 6. Female serial killers are rare, they tend to kill for financial gain and need to have an emotional connection to their victim. On some occasions women have been involved with male serial killers to form a serial killing team. 7. Motives of serial killers can be put into four categories. k. Visionary serial killersShow MoreRelatedThe Minds Of Serial Ki llers Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesTOPIC: The minds of serial killers and why they do what they do. RHETORICAL PURPOSE: Informative SPECIFIC PURPOSE: I want to inform my classmates more about the misconceptions, behaviors and types of serial murderers in the United States THESIS: There are many false information about serial murderers that get passed around but there are common traits and characteristics to help spot who they are and why they do what they do. Introduction I. Attention-getting device: Dennis Rader was a seeminglyRead MoreBrains Not Like Ours: A Proposal on Serial Killers500 Words   |  2 PagesBrains Not Like Ours: A Proposal on Serial Killers The mind is such a beautiful, complex, and most times compassionate being, except for the times that it is not quite so beautiful and not quite so compassionate. A serial killer for example has a brain just like you and I, but instead of obeying their surroundings and having a general respect for others, these serial killers in fact kill. While most of society may label these killers as crazy and brush off any other causes for their actions otherRead MoreA Critical Analysis of Healthcare Serial Killers1484 Words   |  6 PagesSerial murder, which is defined as â€Å"the unlawful killing of two or more victims, by the same offenders, in separate events†(Lubaszka Shon, 2013, p. 1), is a term that American society has become quite familiar with. At a ripe age, parents begin teaching their children not to talk to strangers in hopes of shielding them from the potential evil our world has to offer, but what if I told you the serial killer may not always be the scary man driving a van and offering candy? Our society, like it doesRead MoreSerial Killers : What Makes Us Kill? Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pageswhat a serial killers mind is like, why serial killers are so popular in American pop culture and, the basic fascination and interest in serial killer cases and, review basic facts and ideas of how we can stop or try to limit cases of serial killer violence and crime, through studies and research. Covering a range of historical, medical and, scientific views in a wide variety of cases and findings, the goal is to expand on the ideas and theories of what causes people to become serial killers. WhatRead MoreMind Hunter Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesInvestigative Support Unit. Douglas explains the steps and techniques used in profiling an offender, by putting himself inside the mind of a killer and victim. Douglas has interviews with famous serial killers in prison. Douglas learned a lot about what was going on inside the killer’s mind, with clues he left at a crime scene. In the book Douglas describes serial killer’s main goals are hunting and killing. They want the feeling of being and wanting to have complete control over their victims. DouglasRead MoreAnalysis Of Erik Larson s The Devil 1250 Words   |  5 PagesDevil in the White City chronologically, alternating between the construction of the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair and the evolution of a serial killer. In doing so, Larson is able to explore the details of the fair in-depth, while keeping the interest of the reader. By using this organizational structure, Larson is also able to tell the gruesome tale of a serial killer without scaring away his audience. Overall, the pairing of these two stories helps to balance out the novel. Throughout parts I andRead MoreAn Analysis of Serial Killing and Sexual Sadism Applying Robert Pickton as a Case Study2093 Words   |  9 Pagesmarginalized prostitutes with chronic drug addiction, from Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside area remain unaccounted for. It is not unreasonable to assume that they too, met the same disturbing fate as the other murder victims. Pickton’s modus operandi for the serial murders was the same; he would prowl the drug and poverty ridden Downtown Eastside neighbourhood of Vancouver looking for potential victims, take the victims back to his Port Coquitlam pig farm, and then sexually abuse, torture, and murder them beforeRead MoreThe Biological Causes For Serial Killers2877 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction: This investigation examines the biological causes for serial killers’ psychopathic tendencies and examines those same biological factors in both men and women to find the correlation between a higher rate of male serial kille rs and the biology behind their actions. It is imperitave to first know what a serial killer is, and what makes them such a cold fish. There are sections of the brain that do have control over a human being’s personality, where that individual can either developRead MoreTechnology Makes A Difference?1242 Words   |  5 Pageschanged the way people have lived. Technology is supposed to make life easier and better, and it has done that, but it has also cut down on then number of serial killers. Since the advancement of technology, the number of serial killers has declined. Serial killers are most likely to get caught sooner, and less likely to kill more. In 1980 serial killing was at an all time high, but by the 2000s it has dropped greatly (Racine). Various factors have changed that, but technology may be a big part ofRead MoreEssay on Polio an American Story by David M.Ochinsky1081 Words   |  5 Pages POLIO AN AMERICAN STORY BY DAVID M.OCHINSKY PHAR 6605 Pharmaceutical Industry structure and government regulations PRESENTED BY: Asakiran Nadikatla PRESENTED TO: Gerard Cleaves Polio an American story is a scholarly readable and informative book which covers the lives of many American eminent scientists who struggled a lot to eradicate polio. This book mainly focuses on the mid twentieth century where the people are very eager to find a vaccine to eradicate polio .This book also covers

Politicians Use the Media to Shape Public Opinion

Introduction Politicians use the media to help shape public perception, especially on a topic like drugs. Media coverage not only can influence what the public deems important, but also can shape the public’s view on a given topic. It may have been recognition of this that led Ronald Reagan to launch his â€Å"War on Drugs(2011) Since the beginning of the â€Å"War on Drugs† negative coverage of marijuana has only increased. For example, in 1996, Bob Dole claimed that Bill Clinton, his opponent in the U.S. presidential election, condoned the use of marijuana, and, conversely, media coverage positively depicting the marijuana use increased the following year when the federal government announced it would find a study to explore using marijuana for medical purposes. (2011) At the height of the â€Å"War on Drugs† political leaders and the media stressed the link between crime and illicit drug use, as well as an attempt to influence people to refrain from drug use for public health reasons.(citation) The message today is quite different. Fourteen states now having medical marijuana laws and two have made recreational marijuana is legal. This reality is likely to change the tone of the articles. The media is how leaders send policy issues to their constituents. Each state featured in this paper has its own stance on marijuana. (2011) The Media and Groups Boydstuns (2013) research examines media as a news generator with a powerful role in distributing public attention. Media shapesShow MoreRelatedThe Media: A Powerful Voice1088 Words   |  4 PagesThe Media is a powerful voice listened to by millions of Americans, as well as billions of people across the globe. For decades, the media has been an influential instrument in the political realm. In today’s politics, the media is a necessary part of the campaign process and is undoubtedly a powerful tool for candidates in getting their message to the public and the engine by which public opinion is formed. But just how powerful is the media? Dictionary.com defines the media as, â€Å"The means ofRead MoreAmerican System Essay1167 Words   |  5 Pages(Federal): Analytical/ intellectual issues (i.e. Budget) iii. Small states vs large states and the fact they are either over or under represented (No matter the size they both have the same political power). 1. Creates resentment for the populace and media feeds from the populations discomfort. iii. The civil war mentality is returning: Divided Country i. The north and south disagree on most things ii. Constantly fighting in politics: liberal’s vs conservatives (left wing vs right wing) 1. Breeds partyRead MoreMedia Effect On Public Opinion Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesMedia has been able to control and influence opinions of the public through news stories within the last 80 years through the development of framing. Framing is when a story or piece of news is portrayed in a certain way that is meant to control the audience’s opinion and attitude, to agree one way or the other that the media wants them to. The technique of framing can be seen as a controlling technique of journalism writing to sway or trick the audience to base their own opinion on what is beingRead MorePublic Opinion On Politics And Politics1208 Words   |  5 PagesPublic Opinion Influences Democracy Public opinion greatly shapes the democracy of our country. The Public opinion is the people’s interests and actions. It can be swayed by common linkages such as: media, interest groups, elections, and political parties. These linkages are channels by which government becomes aware of the public opinion. Public opinion is different from the Mass opinion by which the mass opinion is the majority vote/decision. Key’s theory states that it is in fact the public’sRead MoreMedias Influence On The Political World1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe media plays a considerable role in the political world. The media gives people access to be able to determine which political party they want to be a part of, develop outlooks on government parties and decisions, and manage their own personal interests. The newspaper, TV, radio, social media, and other online media, are one of the leading factors, if not thee leading factor in political communication and fund-raising. The mediaà ¢â‚¬â„¢s influence on the political world has shattered the mold in termsRead MorePublic Opinion Is the Most Significant Agency Influence Public Opinion1034 Words   |  5 PagesPublic opinion can be defined as sum of individuals opinions on an issue affecting those individuals but the opinion should be rational to the issue. According to Leornard W. Doob, public opinion also refers to peoples attitudes on an issues when they are members of same social group. Besides that, David Truman also stated out that public opinion consist of the opinions of aggregate of individuals making up the public under discussion. it does not include all the opinion held by such a set ofRead MoreVisual Arts : The Most Accessible Politically Charged Art Form For United States Citizens1642 Words   |  7 Pages Films are arguably the most accessible politically charged art form for United States citizens. Visual arts are intended to occupy an individual’s senses more than other forms of art, thus they have the power to teach, inspire and shape the perceptions of individuals. Cinemas help to create a shared narrative experience amongst people from different cultural backgrounds, forcing audiences to collectively consider topics they may have never believed serious before. Films have the capacity to stirRead MoreThe Roles of Social Media in Politics1395 Words   |  6 Pages(Coffee). Social media has played an increasing and larger part in todays government. Social media has the power to influence elections and connect the people to the policy makers in new ways. Social media including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Youtube, Flicker, internet websites, and blogs are becoming mainstream attracting a younger more technology savvy voter. Many candidates in the last elections learned to use these mediums so not to overlook tech savvy voters and learned how to use these to theirRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Washington By Meg Greenfield1684 Words   |  7 Pagescausing politicians great harm in their personal lives. She then describes how some of the political craziness of the 1960s ended up leading to a period of reduced trust in the government, and thus, a push from politicians to be seen in a more positive light to the general public. Finally, Greenfield discusses the discrimination many women attempting to pursue political careers in Washington face, and the impact that life constantly in the spotlight can have on the families of politicians. The bookRead MoreModern Media And Technology Conditions The Public Mind967 Words   |  4 Pagesits elf into our everyday life and tasks. As our dominant mean of obtaining any information possible at any time you desire, it is an irrefutable fact that modern media and technology conditions the public mind. How it does so, is not so obvious. Today’s media affects everyone, individually and as a general populace. Individually, medias such as Instagram, Facebook, Tumblr, etc. change our perception of reality by presenting us versions of people that are made to seem beyond the norm in some way;

Dancehall music effects on the society free essay sample

It is a task, privilege and or opportunity for me to use this essay to inform you on multiracial societies in the Caribbean and help you the reader to understand why we have multiracial societies in the Caribbean. In this essay I will be highlighting or placing emphasis on a few key terms. It is also my duty or task to explain and define to the following phrases or terms to you; on what a multiracial society is, how the Caribbean became so multiracial and to highlight the advantages and the disadvantages of this type of society. A multiracial society or multiracialism is a concept or ideology that promotes a society composed of various races, while accepting and respecting different cultural backgrounds. It is a society that consists of a diverse mix of people, whether it be relative to their ethnicity, language, culture, religion, or traditions. Nowadays 99% of the modern world countries have become a multiracial society, whether it is relative to their language, religion , culture, or traditions . Also universities , schools and other societies have become multiracial, it is not necessary for the whole country . And today with all aspects of economical, social and other types of growth , it is distinguishably linked to the globalization and the immigration of people to other countries, which has become more and more common . But can a multiracial community exist with no problems attached ? A multiracial society is very rich in culture heritage, where you get the opportunity to learn about other cultures. A multi-racial society is also a multi-linguist society so people living in such societies benefit from the richness of languages and are thus able to speak different languages , there is also a wide variety of traditions, customs and festivals that are being carried out in such countries. In addition with the fusion of cultures food becomes national, people are able to eat a wider variety of food, learning to prepare them in different ways, even celebrations of festivals become national. In addition a multi-racial society teaches people how to respect and understand the religion and cultures of others. Therefore this leads to tolerance. Moreover multi nationality makes the country more dynamic because there are people who come from different places and this can help to develop new ideas about how to make our lives better. In these multi-racial societies very often there are misunderstandings, which lead to conflict . Fanaticism is another factor, which creates conflicts in a multi-racial society. These conflicts and divisions between people is further increased by politicians who practice racial and ethnic politics, only to obtain votes. Fanaticism also encourages people in becoming racist which then influences criticism of his or her race. The population of the Caribbean is estimated to have been around 750,000 immediately before European contact, although lower and higher figures are given. After contact, social disruption and epidemic diseases such as smallpox and measles (to which they had no natural immunity) led to a decline in the Amerindian population. From 1500 to 1800 the population rose as slaves arrived from West Africa such as the Kongo, Igbo, Akan, Fon andYoruba as well as military prisoners and captured slaves from Ireland, who were deported during the Cromwellian reign in England. Immigrants from Britain, Italy, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal and Denmark also arrived, although the mortality rate was high for both groups. The population is estimated to have reached 2. 2 million by 1800. Immigrants from India, China, and other countries arrived in the 19th century. After the ending of the Atlantic slave trade, the population increased naturally. The total regional population was estimated at 37. 5 million by 2000. The majority of the Caribbean has populations of mainly Africans in the French Caribbean, Anglophone Caribbean and Dutch Caribbean, there are minorities of mixed-race and European peoples of Dutch, English, French, Italian and Portuguese ancestry. Asians, especially those of Chinese andIndian descent, form a significant minority in the region and also contribute to multiracial communities. All of their ancestors arrived in the 19th century as indentured laborers. The Spanish-speaking Caribbean have primarily mixed race, African, or European majorities. Puerto Rico has a European majority with a mixture of European-African (mulatto), and a large West African minority. One third of Cubas (largest Caribbean island) population is of African descent, with a sizable Mulatto (mixed African–European) population, and European majority. The Dominican Republic has mixed majority, primarily descended fromWest Africans, Spaniards, and Amerindians. Carnival in Trinidad and Tobago Larger islands such as Jamaica, have a very large African majority, in addition to a significant mixed race, Chinese, Europeans, Indian, Lebanese, Latin American, and Syrian populations. This is a result of years of importation of slaves and indentured labourers, and migration. Most multi-racial Jamaicans refer to themselves as either mixed race or simply Black. The situation is similar for the Caricom states of Belize, Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago has a multi-racial cosmopolitan society due to the arrival of the Africans, Indians, Chinese, Syrians, Lebanese, Native Amerindians and Europeans. This multi-racial mix has created sub-ethnicities that often straddle the boundaries of major ethnicities and include Chindian, Mulattos and Dougla. Disadvantages of a multiracial background There are some multiracial families that are against the idea of racial labeling because it downgrades them to a lower status. They classify the members in their families solely as â€Å"human† instead of labeling the multiple components of their heritage. Although, it is also common to explain the mixed heritage of this human. Also, some individuals consider themselves multiracial but have a hard time identifying themselves by every constituent of their heritage. Some may not feel close to some parts of their heritage or even all parts of their heritage. â€Å"Concern has been raised that this approach to multiracialism cannot provide individuals with a sustained sense of community because the group’s only commonality is the â€Å"ambiguous status† of its members, and such a tenuous connection is not enough to provide the emotional support that multiracial people need. † A multiracial person can also face complexities such as deciding whether to identify themselves with their fathers or mothers racial group or both. This can be problematic when society does not support them with their decision. Furthermore, societal racism and discomfort with interracial marriage exists as well. There are people who have a strong prejudice for intermarriage and people marrying outside their race. They believe that those who cross ethnic lines are rejecting their heritage and the distinction and certain values that their heritage has. Advantages of a multiracial background The majority of families seek to help their children to identify themselves as multiracial. Based on their heritage and background, they believe that their different heritages should be maintained equally. These families aim to provide their children with a more cultural education about their heritage because this gives them a broader sense of the world. They are also more accepting of different cultures and embrace their language. Moreover, â€Å"They often are able to identify multiple aspects of a situation where other people see only one, and to see both sides of a conflict. A multiracial background [sic] also promotes genetic biological diversity as well, thereby producing children with a higher percentage of desirable traits and a lower percentage of detrimental traits, a phenomenon regarded as Hybrid Vigor.

Telephone Etiquette free essay sample

A picture paints a thousand words but the caller on the other end of the phone can only hear you. They cannot see your face or body language. Therefore, taking the time to speak clearly, slowly and in a cheerful, professional voice Is very Important. 2. Use your normal tone of voice when answering a call. If you have a tendency to speak loud or shout, avoid doing so on the telephone. 3. Do not eat or drink while you are on telephone duty.Only eat or drink during your coffee break or lunch break. 4. Do not use slang words or Poor Language. Respond clearly with yes or no when speaking. Never use swear words. 5. Address the Caller Properly by his or her title. (I. E. Good morning Mr.. Brown, Good afternoon Ms. Sanders). Never address an unfamiliar caller by his or her first name. 6. Listen to the Caller and what they have to say. We will write a custom essay sample on Telephone Etiquette or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The ability to listen Is a problem In general but It Is very Important to listen to what the caller has to say.It Is always a good habit to repeat the information back to the client when you are taking a message. Verify that you have heard and transcribed the message accurately. 7. Be patient and helpful. If a caller is irate or upset, listen to what they have to say and then refer them to the appropriate resource. Never snap back or act rude to the caller. 8. Always ask if you can put the caller on hold. If you are responsible for answering multiple calls at once, always ask the caller politely if you may put them on hold. Remember that the caller could have already waited several minutes before getting connected to you and may not take lightly to being put on hold. Never leave the person on hold for more than a few seconds or they may become upset and hang up. 9. Always focus on the call. Try not to get distracted by people around you. If someone tries to interrupt you while you are on a call, politely remind them that you are on a customer call and that you will be with them as soon as you are finished.

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management Idea generation in a business plan Idea generation may vary depending on the set up, type and size of the business to be started. For instance, small businesses are likely to get their ideas from past experiences and magazines while ideas for larger companies are likely to be found on review of patents (Terrance 2004).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When using publications for idea generation, some of the best tips that the idea will be viable are classifications such as the fastest growing industry in certain locations, underutilized business opportunities and other classifications publications may consider helpful to potential investors. Magazines like Forbes and Fast Company are good in tracking top and fastest growing companies (Miniti 2006). Recent patents can also be reviewed and are exceptional sources of the business idea. Busine ss journals, newspapers and internet are other very resourceful areas where a business idea can be generated. The ideal business plan requires no investment, has a recognized, measurable market, has a dependable source of supply for the required input, has a great publicity value, does not require any labor force, has no government regulation and above all, will give a gross margin of 100 percent. Creative thinking can also be a good source of a business idea. Its advantage is that it does not have to follow stringent paths followed by other corporations especially those that are government regulated. Whatever the source of the business idea, it should be screened critically to ensure all areas are addressed and no loopholes are left (Gartner 2001). The questions this should be able to answer are: does the executive summary which contains the statement of the business idea generation reflect a realistic and adequately researched idea? Who came up with the idea? Does the owner of the business idea fully own it or are there some reservations on some aspects of the business? Are you familiar with the area of business? Strategic objectives Some check list questions that the business strategic objectives are: Have you determined the nature and direction of the business for the next few years? Do you know the businesses’ strategic objectives with all their specificity?Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Is the strategy very clear so that you can tell the exact products and markets your current strategy would include or exclude? Are strategic objectives held separately from the long term plans?  Is future strategy related to capital improvement or does it set a foundation for such improvement? In your strategic objectives, tell the reader what you want, for instance business loan to expand or build new premises. State your sales, producti on and profit goals with specificity in both amount and time. It is also good to state the time you anticipate to service the debt (Marburg 1994). Market analysis and research and the competitive strategy Here you ought to discuss the target market and market segment. Describe the customers in terms of their location, purchasing power and any other relevant information about your target customers (Miniti 2006). The information of what they buy and how much they buy is especially critical since they are the most important aspects of the market. Alongside this, it is important to discuss the industry itself, that is, is it a new, growing, mature or underdeveloped industry? Discuss also how you want to penetrate the market and whether market revenue will increase if the market increases. Talk about how your price will be competitive and why any customer will pay your price. You ought to research on the competitors and how your operation will be better than theirs. In simple terms, you are trying to explain how you will survive in the market. On this aspect of the competitors, you should be able to answer the following questions: What are the strengths and weaknesses of your competitors and how is your idea different form theirs? How will you remain competitive in future should your competitors change tactics to try to claim your market?Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many times information about the market for your product or service is the most difficult to gather. Trying to gauge who wants your product, how much they want, what they will pay, and how competitors will respond is not an easy task. While challenging, the time and energy invested in truly understanding your market will pay off. Your business should be market-driven rather than product-driven. Your business plan should not be built around a product sear ching for a problem to solve. Competitors exist for virtually every business (Terrance 2004). This segment ought to reveal your marketing plan, that is, how you are going to get your name to the potential customers. You can tell of some advertisement methods you will be using to sell your business. Position your product and explain how it is different from your competitors and analyze the competitor and his product, whether the competition is direct or indirect. If the business plan is well researched it will prevent unexpected competition that may render it a failure especially if there are already very strong competitors. It is also likely to attract funding from financiers. Cash flow/financial plan This part is necessary since it is an estimate of your profit potential. It can even be used as a template plan by the financial management of the venture. Forecasts of product demand, revenues, and expenses for new ventures will draw on the market research you conducted. If you want t o use your business plan to seek financing, describe the type and also the amount. Your projections are only as good as your assumptions, so make sure they are valid and realistic (Shane Venkataraman 2000). Document as much as you possibly can, including how you developed your assumptions. Keep in mind that the financial section will be closely assessed by the financier. The cash flow forecasts should take the following dimensions: the estimated income for the first two years, broken down monthly, then quarterly thereafter, estimated cash flows in the same pattern, forecasted balance sheet for each year and a breakeven analysis (Shulman 2009).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The balance sheet projection will show the growth in equity and assets of the business and is the tool which one can evaluate whether the capital base of the business is expanding. Include the start up costs that will comprise of license cost, insurance, leases, renovations and purchase of equipment costs. You may include financial history if the business has been in existence and is seeking expansion. Most small businesses will not make real profits in the initial two or three years. They therefore need some financial reserves. In the business plan this can be included in the financial considerations when quoting the initial capital for the business. At this point, you can point out the potential risks that are a threat to your business. Outline how you will manage those risks (Minniti 2006). The cash flow information is not only important to the financier but to the business owner himself. It will serve as a yard stick upon which set objectives and projections will be assessed. Th e business operator can use this information to prevent side operations not accounted for that may end up claiming the profits of the business. The cash flow forecasts should not however be limits to which the business can operate. They are simply logical estimates to refer to although performance far below these forecasts can be an indication of something missing or poor prior research (Terrance 2004). Scenario analysis Though some businesses have not accepted it as a vital form of planning, scenario analysis and planning necessitate a business to plan for any eventuality that may affect the business. Consider the environmental, social, technological and political driving forces and address how a change in any of them would affect your business. Show how you would respond to such a scenario. This would take the form of a study of such an event in the past that your business or other businesses may have encountered. How did they respond? Who were the contact people to reach? Were th ey available on time? Were there indicators that such a scenario would take place? What can be inferred from such a scenario? At this point you evaluate your strengths and weaknesses and build a plan of how you would minimize the impact of such an occurrence that is out of your control (Shane Venkataraman 2000). Entrepreneurial characteristics and skills Risk An entrepreneur must be able to assess risk as whether necessary or not so as to know what to indulge in. Entrepreneurs view risk as unavoidable but you can choose which risk is worth taking. Entrepreneurs are cautious of what is described as risk free business. Their attitude is â€Å"if I don’t take chances, I will never really know what I could have become†. They are therefore never satisfied with mediocre life. They place little faith in assets and prefer their coping ability as opposed even when there is a threat (Miniti 2006). Timing The entrepreneur knows that timing is one of the most crucial steps in inv estment. Launching of a business idea in the right place and time is imperative. There must however be enough time in preparing prior to the launch. There is usually lots of personal adjustment in relation to the idea in terms of market intelligence, assessment of the environmental aspect best suited for the launch, and securing the human resource. To them, â€Å"luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity†. Leadership Entrepreneurs are leaders because if they want to get a job done, they take responsibility and lead in the venture. They are self starters with enthusiasm and know the importance of teamwork and they also appreciate and support others. They are also self-directed. In times of great change, they still move forward and still posses the energy to face problems. To them leadership is not status but a function. Their motivation is therefore not external but a need to achieve success in their own measure (Ebbena Alec 2006) Innovation Entrepreneurs are go od at adding value through product improvement and getting the right market. Innovation is therefore changing value and satisfaction from a resource. They must therefore be able to come up with clever and workable solutions. They are very flexible in their thinking, curious and inquisitive. To them lack of money is not a good enough reason for not making it happen. Communication skills Entrepreneurs know that the human element is the most important part of a business. Humans work through communication and so the entrepreneur works to improve communication. They take advantage of the available tools of communication and are also very good listeners. In such a case as to write a business plan, a good entrepreneur will ensure every detail is clearly stipulated and the right impression created. The message should also show consistency (Westhead 2001). Optimism It is very important that an entrepreneur has a positive look of any undertaking he engages in. setbacks are not a limitation or disappointment but are relegated to the past and new energy is created to churn on. If a certain aspect of the business goes well, it becomes an impetus for bigger accomplishments and increases hope for the overall success. They have a determination that enables them to keep focused to the end result. This positive outlook of things enables them to overcome initial challenges that come with a new venture (Ebbena Alec 2006). Ability to obtain finances In the mindset of an entrepreneur, finances are not a limitation to implementation of a good idea. They believe that a good idea will sell itself. It is therefore not their convincing language or association with finance sources that enable them to finance their new ventures but rather the good idea that attracts finances on itself. Due to their determination, entrepreneurs are able to source funds and finance operations (Shane Venkataraman 2000). Spotting a niche market Market is perhaps the most important factor that determines whe ther a business is to be started at a specific place. Sometimes, it is difficult to identify potential market from an area. Entrepreneurs are able to assess carefully and identify a market for a product. A renowned investor and entrepreneur Rachel Lowe spotted business opportunities while just traveling in a taxi. Entrepreneurs are therefore people who are able to anticipate needs with some level of precision. Their argument is that when there is market, there is a business idea (Malburg 1994). Business knowledge Entrepreneurs need not be experts of a certain field in which they venture. Rather they should have a rough knowledge of how that business operates. Some key aspects they need to know is potential customers, required skills, government regulations, threats to such businesses and above all, how that business generates money. For the expert knowledge, they can rely on other trained experts for other fine requirements of the business (Shulman 2009). Energy/drive Their energy c omes from the belief that they can create and control their future instead of relying on the mercy of fate. They have an internal locus of control. The energy gives them enthusiasm that keeps them going and wanting to achieve more. Their energy also gives them confidence, which is described as the hallmark of the entrepreneur. Their drive does not come from creation or accumulation of personal wealth but rather they are people focused and getting things done is their drive. Sense of ownership The entrepreneur likes taking responsibility to get things done with care and attention. They like to leave things better than they found them. They teach people how to take charge and are themselves very self disciplined (Bygrave 1994). Strategy Since entrepreneurs are strategy planners, they will employ the best employees to support them in the venture. They have therefore learnt the art of delegating while they posses the ability to supervise. They themselves being generalists do not take th e roles of the experts but are good communicators and are also good at handling complaints. Financial knowledge They are very good at business numbers and can explain financial position in simple terms. They will determine the budgets, targets, securing loans and raising funds with relative ease. This is because they are able to receive unconventional funds from clients, suppliers, family and friends. The financial wisdom keeps them seeing the logic behind new ventures even where other potential investors would call too risky or would disregard as there being no business. All these skills can be classified as personal skills, interpersonal skills, critical and creative thinking skills, and also practical skills (Freel 2009). In conclusion a successful entrepreneur is able to identify new opportunities and exploit them despite the hardships. Time management skills For an entrepreneur to be able to achieve the objectives he sets within the timeframe he indicates, he must be a good tim e manager. Time management is part of management skills that an entrepreneur needs to hone on. He must be able to impart this too within the departments of his business. Entrepreneurial skills I posses In a self assessment carried out through some checklist questionnaire, I found myself to be having much of the requisite entrepreneurial skills. Determination to accomplish things, self initiative, personal drive and financial knowledge are among the important skills and traits that make me a potential entrepreneur. Ability to identify opportunities is also a strong entrepreneurial trait I have. If I improved on delegation skills, ability to work with a team and leadership skills, I would make a very successful entrepreneur (Bygrave 1994). Reference List Bygrave, D., 1994. The portable MBA in entrepreneurship. MBA Project Presented in August 1994, p.12-17. Ebbena, J., Alec, J., 2006. Bootstrapping in small firms: An empirical analysis of change over time, Journal of Business Venturin g, 21 (6), 851-865. Freel, M., 2009. Entrepreneurship and small firms. Journal of Business Focus, 23 (7), 5. Gartner, W., 2001. Blind assumptions in theory development. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13 (2), 23. Malburg, R., 1994. All-in-one business planning guide. Journal of Business Planning in Argentina, 44 (6), 45-56. Minniti, F., 2006. Entrepreneurial types and economic growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 25 (3), 305-314. Shane, S., Venkataraman, S., 2000. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25 (1), 217-226. Shulman, S., 2009. A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges. Journal of Business Venturing, 24 (5), 519–532. Terrance, J., 2004. Business plans handbook: a compilation of actual business plans developed by small businesses throughout North America, p. 56-60. Westhead, P., 2001. The focus of entrepreneurial research: contextual and process issues. Journal of Entre preneurship Theory and Practice, 14 (4), 38-45.

ERIKSSON Surname Meaning and Origin

ERIKSSON Surname Meaning and Origin Eriksson  is a patronymic surname meaning son of Erik, or Eriks son. Eriksson is the fifth most common surname in Sweden, behind Johansson, Andersson, Karlsson, and Nilsson. Swedish patronymic son names traditionally end in -son,  not -sen.  In Denmark the regular patronymic is -sen.  In Norway, both are used, although -sen  is more common. Icelandic names traditionally end in -son  or -dotir. Thus, Eriksen or Erikssen is the most common Danish, Norwegian, Dutch and German spelling, while Erikson or Ericson is the most common spelling found in the United States. Surname Origin:  Swedish, Danish, Norwegian,  English, German Alternate Surname Spellings:  ERICSSON, ERIKSON, ERIKSSEN, ERICSSEN, ERIKSEN, ERICSEN   Fun Facts About the ERIKSSON Surname Many Danes, Norwegians and Swedes who emigrated to America with the last name Eriksson or Erikssen, dropped the extra-s  after their arrival.   Famous People with the Surname ERIKSSON Leif Ericsson - Scandanavian explorerErik Erikson - German psychologist Genealogy Resources for the Surname ERIKSSON Erikson DNA PortalLearn how to best approach DNA testing when you have a Scandinavian  patronymic surname such as Eriksson. Eriksson Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as an Eriksson  family crest or coat of arms for the Eriksson surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   Eriksson Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Ericson surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Ericson query.   FamilySearch - ERIKSSON  GenealogyExplore over 3.7  million  historical records which mention individuals with the Eriksson surname, as well as online Eriksson family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Eriksson  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Eriksson  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. ERIKSSON  Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Eriksson surname. DistantCousin.com - ERIKSSON Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Eriksson. The Eriksson  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Eriksson  from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Complementary or Alternative Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Complementary or Alternative Medicine - Essay Example In contemporary context, many states that license for CAM certain practices, press coverage devoted to CAM and positive publicity naturally contribute to increase of CAM awareness among the general population. Those individual who seek to improve health and well-being, including the relief of symptoms associated with chronic illness or the side-effects to conventional treatment refer to CAM as to safe and reliable health alternative. From demographical perspective, millions of immigrants coming from various cultural backgrounds choose CAM treatments because it corresponds to their traditional beliefs, philosophy and expectations. For instance, it explains why Traditional Chinese Medicine became very popular recently. In addition, help-seeking individuals may refer to CAM providers because CAM medicine is generally perceived as more affordable than conventional western medicine, and thus seems to be more a logical and suitable choice for patients not covered by insurance. Furthermore, individuals are more likely to choose CAM health providers because traditional medicine became ineffective for them or failed to meet their expectations. According to Barnes et al (2008), common diseases and conditions for which people use CAM includes back, neck, or joint pain, arthritis, and mental health disorders (anxiety, depression, ADHA/ADD). Overall, 38% of adults had used complementary and alternative medicine in the previous 12 month, most commonly nonvitamin, nonmineral, natural products, deep breathing exercises, meditation, chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation, massage therapy, and yoga (Barnes et al , 2008). It is evident that the main underlying reason why CAM is so popular today among various population groups, is because it provides effective therapeutic solutions for many health conditions and is generally has positive patient outcomes. Empirical evidence suggests that CAM can be very beneficial for the patients as a safe alternative to certain pharmaceutical medication treatments and other traditional medical interventions. For instance, Dunn, Sleep and Collett (2004) found the use of aromatherapy massage with patients in an intensive care unit, resulted in elevated mood and decreased anxiety. A study done by Styles (1987), reported the use of aromatherapy with 20 hospitalized children diagnosed with HIV who were experiencing pain. The outcomes of Styles' study (1987) included decreased chest pain, peripheral neuropathy, and muscles spasm, along with a decrease in requested analgesics. According to Thomas, aromatherapy using odorants "penetrate the bloodstream via the lungs causing physiologic changes," such as lowering blood pressure, which is associated with the reduction of adverse psychosocial symptoms including stress and anxiety (Thomas, 2002, p. 8). In another study, Lin, Chan, Ng and Lam (2007) found that t he use of lavender may be a possible alternative in lieu of psychotropic medications in those diagnosed with dementia who are also experiencing agitation. Furthermore, one of the most popular CAM, acupuncture, has been shown to have positive outcomes in treatment of depression. To illustrate, a double-blind study involving 38 women (ages 18 to 45) demonstrated how acupuncture significantly reduced

System Design in IT Area Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

System Design in IT Area - Essay Example The various customers are tracked for their quality of return with respect to date and material. The various records pertain to determining the loyal customers so that promotions and special offers are facilitated to them. 4. Record of holding status: The system maintains the currently held stock by the employees and ensures better management of records. The customers holding stock would ensure better management of the DVDs and Game consoles for effective stock management and grant other customers. 5. Wishlist: The customer’s wish list would focus on various future stocks which they desire so that they are able to procure that on a priority basis. The knowledge would ensure system to capture ways to serve the customers. 6. FAQ: The system must enforce a help status so that better management of DVDs and Game consoles are done and would fetch the user with detailed documentation of hardware and software’s required for ensuring the correct workability of the system. 8. Inventory status: The various inventory, comprising the DVD and game consoles, required to be ascertained for their availability in the store. The knowledge is useful in determining the amount of stock and the existing detail of the present availability. This would largely help in granting or denying requests. 9. Damaged stock: Knowing the damaged stock is very crucial so as to reduce any complications with respect to customer satisfaction. Also, the returning orders must be checked for their damage status. This requirement is very important to be present as it incurs a loss to the inventory and successively the profit. 10. Fines: Determining the fines to be levied would ensure better use of the system towards negligence of the customers so that the loss towards damage is recovered. It also puts a negative rating to the customer and decides a condition for their repeat. 11. Determination of final accounts: The determination of the statement of expenditures and incomes are to be ascertained so that the firm 6ME successfully determines their profit or loss for the desired period. The system would create better impression for audit trails and maximizes the computation of company financial status.

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Essay QS. Look carefully at the opening chapters of great expectations and explore some of the ways in which Dickens captures and keeps the interest and attention of the reader. Explore also how social conditions of the time inform his writing. When Dickens writes he uses three methods to interest his readers, the presentation of character, creation of atmosphere and his use of narrative, description and speech. To begin with we will look at dickens presentation of character. When my English class first began reading great expectations I noticed that Dickens did not describe a character physically or through their thoughts, instead he describes them with two details, their surroundings and their past. For example we are never told that Pip is blonde or his age etc, instead we are only told that he has a married older sister who cares for him and that they live quite simply for example we learn that for dinner they would have something like buttered bread which suggests that they have poor nutrition. We are also told about the fact that when Pip was younger his parents died along with five of his siblings, which suggests that he comes from a family that were and still are struggling and this suggests that they are living in the popular social conditions of the time which were harsh cold, poor hygiene, no hot water or heat, high infant mortality rate etc and this is also suggested at the bottom of page two when Pip says I was undersized for my age and not strong, the house they live in is also described as being in the marsh country this method of Dickens I found to be quite striking as I have not before read a book that does the same, however I think it is very effective because it allows the reader to paint their own picture of the characters and give them a greater insight into the characters and helps them to understand the characters actions, thoughts and words. This also allows the reader to become more involved in the novel and therefore the readers interest is already being drawn in. These social conditions, so far mentioned inform the novel a great deal as it is the story-line of this young boy from a poor background, and because he has been raised by hand that this child is so meek and innocent, and because of this innocence, and by chance, he is given the opportunity to become someone, quite literally, a man of great expectations In the first two chapters it is also noticeable that Dickens starts to give particular traits to each character to make them individual, such as Mrs Joe Gargery Was the evil step-mother while her husband Mr Joe Gargery was the quiet and almost wimpy yet kind man. Dickens narrative technique is also very powerful. Unlike most novels the action starts almost straight away. By page two we are shocked by the very sudden arrival of Magwitch with the shocking and almost frightening line Hold your noise! We are suddenly completely sucked in to the story when we find very quickly that Pip, the young boy we have become fond of is in danger and that Magwitch has only just escaped from a prison ship and is in desperate need of food, drink and possibly a file, if he will be able to make a full escape. This makes the first chapter become very exciting. Also it seems quite realistic because Magwitchs language is very powerful because it is so graphic, blunt and colloquial. Also Magwitch not only speaks in the way you would expect a convict to speak but he dresses how you would expect as well. Dickens uses many subordinate clauses and he also uses the word and a lot yet he uses it with style and it makes his writing seem much more rhythmic, for example in the third paragraph in the first chapter when Pip is telling us of his first memory, he says My first most vivid and broad impression of the identity of things and that the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip Dickens mainly keeps our attention by using drama such as when Magwitch enters on page two. Another way in which Dickens sustains the readers attention is his use of language in the way he writes. For example the type of words he uses to describe the new characters intrigues the readers so that they want to know more such as when Mr Joe Gargery is being introduced, In the middle of page six, Pip describes him as being a sort of Hercules in strength, and also in weakness. This seems to be very confusing and makes the reader want to continue in the story in order to figure out its meaning. Finally the most effective way which Dickens uses to with-hold the readers attention is through the creation of atmosphere. By using words such as raw, bleak, marsh and phrases like overgrown with nettles, dark flat wilderness etc. the writer makes the scene seem gloomy, drag and sad, and with the opening setting not only being in a churchyard, but a graveyard, we are subconsciously being prepared for Magwitchs arrival. Pip describes the river as a low leaden line This is a perfect example of Dickens art of alliteration. The word low is also representing the low spirit of Pip, The word Leaden makes us think of something that is heavy, grey and dull, and the word line sounds very bland and boring. Also the way in which Dickens uses personification for example in calling the wind a savage beast, these words make us think of Pip a small helpless child who is out alone in what seems like an extremely solitude and scary place. We then fear for this young child and want to learn what happens to him so once again the reader finds that they wish to continue in the book, and for the rest of the novel the drama and language that Charles Dickens uses makes us keep wanting to read on continues Therefore it is through using the techniques previously mentioned, of character presentation, creation of atmosphere and narrative, description and speech that Dickens gains and sustains his readers attention. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Great Expectations section.

The Roots of Babylon. :: essays papers

The Roots of Babylon. "We know where we're going We know where we're from We Leaving Babylon- We goin to our Father's Land....." The concept of Babylon plays a central role in Rastafarian Ideology: There is only one other word Rastafarians use with more frequency and passion, and that is the name of their Majestic Ruler, Haile Selassie. People who have even a mild interest in reggae understand what"Babylon"means, yet the roots of the word"Babylon"remain unknown to the masses. To gain a better understanding of this term, it is necessary know the full history of Babylon, which starts 6000 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. The popular use of the word"Babylon"can be difinitively traced to Marcus Garvey's teachings, which liken the Afro-Caribs in the West to the Jews Exile into Babylon. The institution of slavery created tremendous suffering for those that were enslavedin both of these cases. Many people in Jamiaca are still suffering, due to the successor of slavery, which is racism and poverty. The Bible contains many stories of slavery that describe the hardship that was endured in acncient times, as well as the eventual emancipation from the hardship. Rastas have found much applicable meaning from within the Bible, and it is only natural that they identify with the Jews in Babylon, who faced much of the same obstacles that they themselves face. By labeling the source of their own oppression as"Babylon", the Rastas shed more light on the fact that opression is in fact taking place. This definitive name gives the oppression that they face a center, or a heart, which can be targeted easier. Instead of s aying"Injustice must fall","Poverty must be alleviated", or"Jamaican legislation must represent its people", a Rasta need only say"Babylon must fall". When this centralized, encompassing word is used, it provides the Rasta with a target to be passionately against, and increases his sense of unity with his people. The word Babylon is by no means an arbritary word that is used to describe oppression. Babylon was one of the first cities to ever stand on Earth. It is quite clear that there is much to be learned about this mythical city that will help us to better understand the modern"Babylon system". I believe that the modern definition of Babylon describes a type of mentality that is common to all the institutions that are labeled as being"Babylon". However, the essence of what this midframe is can be most closely encountered through the study of the real Babylon as it grew, prospered and fell thousands of years ago.

Homosexuality in America in Reference to Cat

These accusations were made by people such as John Clue and Nicholas De Jingo. Shackled suggests that these critics didn't take into account that writers and their work would have been rejected or censored. (Shackled; 1998). Gay men and women were subject of Senator McCarty Witch' hunts during the ass, they were considered by the government as security risks. The government accused homosexuals as potential acting as spies who would betray them as this type of lifestyle was UN-American. (Shackled; 1998).Homosexuals were also seen as communists, and during the witch hunt in the asses they were prosecuted, even thou proof. Government officials were fired from their jobs. This was known as McCarthy. (Shackled; 1998). â€Å"Inspired by McCarthy, a legislative committee sought to rid Florida of any perceived homosexual, for being gay was not only perversion of the highest magnitude but, more importantly, also tantamount to being a traitor† (Shackled; 1998). During the time that Will iams wrote ‘Cat on a Hot Tin Roof' being gay was one of the worst crimes that someone could commit.Homosexuality was also considered as a mental illness, which meant that anyone ho was open about their gay lifestyle was immediately seen as ‘abnormal. ‘ This meant that the medical procedure known as a Lobotomy could be performed in order to cure homosexuality. These procedures went ahead despite Sigmund Fried's claims that homosexuality was ‘neither an asset nor a liability. ‘ (Shackled; 1998). In ‘Cat on a Hot Tin Roof It Is clear that Skipper was a gay man. He drank himself to death after admitting his love for Brick, and falling to prove that he wasn't when sleeping with Maggie. Alcohol becomes the means by which both the gay or quasi- ay male characters, Skipper and Brick, run from their inner selves. Skipper is portrayed as a disturbed but clearly homosexual man whose love and admiration for Brick are such that he cannot face the truth Maggie helps reveal to him. † (Shackled; 1998). Skipper is a key role In this play, despite being dead before It begins.

General Translation Theories Essay

While not everyone who drives an automobile needs to understand the theory behind the internal combustion engine, someone does need to know this theory. I may be able to drive my Pontiac without any knowledge of internal combustion engines, until the Pontiac breaks down. Then, I must find someone (presumably a mechanic) who does in fact know enough theory to get the Pontiac running again. The same is true of translation theory. It is not necessary for everyone to know translation theory, nor is it even necessary for pastors and teachers to know everything about translation theory. It is necessary for pastors and teachers in the American church at the end of the twentieth century to know something about translation theory, for two reasons. First, it will affect the way we interpret the Bible for our people. If we are completely unaware of translation theory, we may unwittingly mislead our brothers and sisters in our interpretation. Second, there are so many English translations available, that no contemporary pastor will be able to escape the inevitable questions about which translations are superior. It is not my intention to provide anything like an exhaustive approach to either translation theory or semantic theory (relax, I’ll define this word later). Rather, I intend to discuss briefly the more important observations, which may be useful to the pastoral ministry. 1. Communication has three parties. Translation theory shares a number of concerns with what is commonly called communication theory. Perhaps the most important observation which the communication theorists have produced for translators is the recognition that every act of communication has three dimensions: Speaker (or author), Message, and Audience. The more we can know about the original author, the actual message produced by that author, and the original audience, the better acquainted we will be with that particular act of communication. An awareness of this tri-partite character of communication can be very useful for interpreters. Assuming that an act of communication is right now taking place, as you read what I wrote, there are three dimensions to this particular act of communication: myself, and what I am intending to communicate; the actual words which are on this page; and what you  understand me to be saying. When the three dimensions converge, the communication has been efficient. If we know, perhaps from another source, what an individual author’s circumstances are, this may help us understand the actual message produced. Martin Luther King, Jr. ‘s â€Å"Letters from Prison† are better understood by someone who knows the circumstances under which they were written rather than by someone who is oblivious to mid-20th century American history. If we know information about the author’s audience, this may also help us to understand the message itself. John Kennedy’s famous, â€Å"Ich bin ein Berliner† speech is better understood if one understands the apprehensions which many West German citizens had about American foreign policy during the early 1960s (and, knowing the audience was German may help explain why he did not speak this sentence in English! ). Recognizing that in addition to the message itself, there are the two other components of author and audience, the interpreter attempts to uncover as much information as possible about the author and audience. This is why biblical scholars spend so much time attempting to locate the circumstances of a given epistle; they are trying to discover information about author and audience, which will help complete the understanding of the particular act of communication represented by the message. At this point, an important warning needs to be expressed. For students of literature whose original audience and author are not present (i. e. , dead), we only have direct access to one of the three parties in the communicative process: the message itself. Whereas we would be profited by having direct access to author and audience (â€Å"Paul, what in the world did you mean about baptizing for the dead? â€Å"; or, â€Å"How did it hit you Galatians when Paul said he wished his troublers would castrate themselves? â€Å"), it would be incorrect to suggest that we must have such access for any understanding to take place. Frequently one encounters the extravagant statement to the effect that â€Å"one cannot understand a biblical book unless one understands the author’s (or audience’s) circumstances. â€Å"The problem with such statements is that they imply that we can have no understanding without access to information which simply does not always exist. We haven’t any idea who wrote the epistle to the Hebrews, or why, other than what may be indicated in the letter itself. Does this mean that we can’t understand it in any sense? I think not. We just have to recognize that information, which would assist the act of interpretation, is, in this case, missing. Related to this warning is a second. For Protestants, scripture itself is authoritative. Our reconstructions, often highly conjectural of the historical circumstances under which a given biblical work was written and read, are not authoritative, by my understanding of Protestant theology. Those reconstructions may assist our understanding of the biblical text, but they are not, in and of themselves, of any religious authority. Finally, we might add that the essential error of many exegetical theories is their exclusion of one or more of these three parties from consideration. While many important debates are continuing to influence interpretive theory, our evaluation of these debates would do well to retain a role for each of the three above-mentioned dimensions. 2. Formal and Dynamic Equivalence One of the ongoing debates about translations revolves around the question of whether, and in what degree, the translation should reflect the syntax, or form, of the original language. All translators agree that the translation should reflect faithfully the message of the original, but all are not agreed on whether the translation should adhere closely to the grammatical forms of the original language. Translations can be located on a spectrum, which would have, at one extreme, rigid adherence to the form of the original language (formal equivalence), and at the other extreme, complete disregard for the form (not the message) of the original language (dynamic equivalence). An interlinear would come the closest to the first extreme, followed by the NASB. At the other extreme would be the NEB and TEV. In between would be the RSV and NIV, with the RSV leaning more toward a formal equivalence, and the NIV leaning more toward a dynamic equivalence. It is probably fair to say that most contemporary linguists favor the dynamic equivalence approach in theory, though they might be disappointed in the various attempts at producing one. The reason for preferring to reproduce the thought of the original without attempting to conform to its form is that all languages have their own syntax. While the syntax of one language may be similar to the syntax of other languages, it is also dissimilar as well. Thus, if we attempt to adhere to the formal syntax of another language, we reproduce forms which are abnormal or confusing, if not downright distracting in the target language. For example, Greek tends to have very long sentences, whose various clauses are arranged in a logically hierarchical fashion. That is, there will be a number of dependent clauses connected to an independent clause. This type of sentence structure, perfectly normal in Greek, is called hypotactic (clauses are arranged logically under one another). English, by contrast, is not so comfortable with long sentences, and does not provide any easy way of indicating which clauses are dependent upon others. Our sentence structure is called paratactic (clauses are arranged logically alongside of one another). If we attempt to reproduce, in English, sentences of the same length as the Greek original, our audience will not be able to follow our translation. Ephesians 1:3-14, for instance, is one sentence in Greek, with well-defined subordinate clauses. If we attempt to reproduce a sentence of this length in English, the result will be so awkward that few, if any, English readers would be able to follow it. Consequently, translators must break the longer Greek sentences into shorter English sentences. For the pastor and teacher, it is important to be able to recognize the hypotactic structure of the original language, because it is frequently of theological and ethical significance. For instance, there is only one imperative (independent clause) in the Great Commission — â€Å"make disciples. † All the other verbs are dependent. The other clauses help to describe what the commandment means. Most English translations, however, obscure this matter by translating the Great Commission as though it were a string of equivalent imperatives. What’s worse, they tend to treat one of the dependent clauses as though it were the major (independent) clause (â€Å"Go†). So the teacher or pastor needs to be able to understand what is going on in the structure of the original language, without necessarily trying to reproduce it in an English translation. There are other differences between the two languages. Greek typically uses passive verbs; English prefers active verbs. Greek typically makes nouns out of verbs (making â€Å"redemption† as common as â€Å"redeem†). Speakers of English are not as comfortable with these abstractions; we are happier with verbs. A dynamic equivalence translation will commonly reproduce the meaning of the Greek in a more natural manner in English. In 2 Thess 2:13, for instance, pistei aletheias, is translated â€Å"belief in the truth† (formal equivalence) by the RSV, but â€Å"the truth that you believe† (dynamic equivalence) by the NEB. The latter, while not any more accurate than the former, is a little more natural, and thus more easily understood. A classic example of the difference between English and Greek syntax is evidenced by the difference in their respective employment of the participle. First, the Greek participle is much more common than the English. But the Greek participle is also used differently than the English participle. Greek commonly employs the participle in an attributive fashion, as a verbal adjective. This is very rare in English. James Taylor does sing about the â€Å"The Walking Man,† but this is rare outside of artistic expression. We would normally produce a relative clause, â€Å"the man who walks. † Because of the differences in the way the two languages use their respective participles, we simply cannot translate a Greek participle with an English participle in many cases, without being obscure or ambiguous. Dikaiothentes in Romans 5:1 should not be translated, â€Å"having been justified† (NASB: formal equivalence), but, â€Å"since we are justified† (RSV: dynamic equivalence). There are problems, however, with dynamic equivalence translations. Since the translator is â€Å"freer† from the grammatical forms of the original language he is more likely to exceed the bounds of an accurate translation, in an effort to speak naturally in the native language. That is, the dynamic equivalence translations are capable of being more natural and more precise than are formal equivalence translations, but they are also more capable of being precisely wrong. For instance, in Romans 8:3, Paul uses the phrase: dia tes sarkos. A formal equivalent translation, the RSV, renders this â€Å"by the flesh,† which is faithful to the original but somewhat ambiguous in English. The NIV renders this much more precisely, by the phrase, â€Å"by the sinful nature. † Unfortunately, the NIV is precisely wrong here, because Paul is not talking about a lower nature, or a sinful nature at all. In fact, he is not speaking anthropologically, but redemptive-historically. In this particular case, I believe we would be better off with the ambiguous â€Å"flesh,† and have to ask what, ‘flesh’ means for Paul, than to have the more precise but utterly un-Pauline â€Å"sinful nature. † Another problem associated with dynamic equivalence translations is related to their use as study Bibles. Since a given word may have a number of meanings, it is frequently impossible, and more frequently confusing, to attempt to translate a given Greek word with the same English word in every case. Consequently, the dynamic equivalence translation can give a more specific rendering in English, being unbound by an attempt to reproduce the same Greek word in the same English manner. This produces better understanding, frequently, of individual sentences or clauses. However, it does not permit the English reader to know when the same Greek word lay behind two different English words. Since the only way to know what a word means is by first examining its full range of uses, there is no way for the English reader to know what words are behind the English words found. For instance, when Paul says he could not address the Corinthians as pneumatikoi, but rather as sarkinoi (1 Cor 3), he employs the adjectival forms of what we normally translate â€Å"Spirit† and â€Å"flesh. † And, in Romans 8 (as well as elsewhere), it is clear that life in the Spirit is redeemed life; whereas life in the flesh is unredeemed life. If the adjectives in 1 Cor are translated â€Å"spiritual,† and â€Å"fleshly,† the reader can see the correspondence to other Pauline passages, and understand that Paul is saying, in effect, â€Å"I could not address you as redeemed people, but as unredeemed people. † But the NIV construes sarx as â€Å"sinful nature† in Rom 8, and sarkinos as â€Å"worldly† in 1 Cor 3, with the result that the reader of this translation is not aware that in the original the same root form was employed. The conclusion of this is that the dynamic equivalence translation, when done well, renders in more precise and more vivid English particular expressions. However, it makes it more difficult to compare individual passages with parallel passages elsewhere. In any given congregation, a variety of translations will be present. The teachers in the church must have the competence to discern which one represents the original most accurately in English in any circumstance. In my judgment, none of the contemporary translations is manifestly superior to the others. Each is a blend of strengths and weaknesses, due to the difficulty of the task. From the pulpit, of course, some versions can be excluded rather easily. Paraphrases, while useful to illustrate a point, should never be used as the basic sermon text, because they reflect so thoroughly the opinions of the paraphraser. Also, children’s Bibles, such as the Good News, and, to a lesser degree, the NIV should not be used as the basis of a sermon directed toward the entire congregation. The NASB should not be used, simply because its English is atrocious. Its rigid adherence to the formal equivalence principle, while making it highly useful in the study, renders it completely inappropriate in a setting where communication is important. The NIV should not be used from the pulpit, in my judgment, because it is a sectarian translation. It is a self-confessedly â€Å"evangelical† translation, which excluded non-evangelicals from the translation process. It is therefore ecclesiastically unacceptable (it excludes from the outset people who don’t call themselves â€Å"evangelical,† just as the Kingdom Translation excludes people who don’t call themselves Jehovah’s Witnesses). In fact, even for study purposes, one will have to be cautious about the evangelical bias reflected in this translation, whereby the weaknesses, as well as the strengths, of evangelicalism have not been offset by a more â€Å"inclusive† committee. Specifically, the NIV shows many signs of being individualistic, experientialist, and revivalistic (I am speaking about the NIV New Testament; I haven’t evaluated the NIV Old Testament thoroughly yet). At the same time, the NIV ought to be in the minister’s study because it is a good illustration of the demands of a dynamic equivalence translation, and it is also very successful at many points. The RSV, reflecting the breadth of the church, a high style of English, and a reasonably accurate representation of the original text, is perhaps the preferred text for pulpit use. 3.  Translation is a theological task It has become increasingly clear that translation cannot really be performed in a theological vacuum. When a variety of linguistic options present themselves, theological factors can influence the decision to choose one option over the other. In fact, such factors should influence the translation. The resolution of the translation question about how to translate telos in Romans 10:4 is resolved in large part by resolving larger questions about Paul’s theology; how he understands the relation between the older testament and the Christ event, etc. Since theology is to be determined by the Bible, and since translating the Bible is determined, at least in part, by theological considerations, it is easy to see that there is something of a circle here. Fortunately, it is not a vicious cycle, because if one is willing to entertain sympathetically a variety of options, one can grow in the confidence with which one evaluates a given translation. One must never pretend, however, that translation is a step of â€Å"pre-exegesis† or â€Å"pre-interpretation. † The first step of interpretation is  translation. This step will influence all other steps, so it must be approached with the entire arsenal of theological tools. Semantic Theory It is appropriate now to move to some consideration of dealing with the meaning of individual words (commonly called lexical semantics). A lexicon in the hands of an over-imaginative preacher may be the deadliest of all human instruments. In terms of sheer percentages, more pulpit nonsense may be attributable to a misunderstanding of how words communicate meaning than any other interpretive error. Since the technical study of linguistics began in the early nineteenth century, a number of very valuable insights have been discovered by the linguists. What follows is an attempt at providing some of their most useful insights for those who want to teach and preach faithfully. 1. Semantic Field and Context Most words can mean a number of things. Take the English word, â€Å"run. † It can appear in the following (and many more) contexts: The athlete is running. Her nose is running. We scored a run in the sixth inning. I have a run in my stocking. Does your car run? My computer runs on Windows. For how long is the movie running? You want to run that by me again? His sermons seem to run on forever. She’s running the flag up the pole. Jackson is running for President. Who left the water running? Enough, already. It is obvious that most words can mean a number of different things. How do we know what a word means in a given circumstance? Well, we don’t just choose the one we prefer. In fact there are two components to meaning: semantic field and semantic context. By semantic field, we mean the full range of ways the word has and can be used (an example is the above, partial semantic field for â€Å"run†). By examining the â€Å"field† of possible meanings, we begin to narrow the options. Normally, there are still too many options, so we have to take another step. The second step is to determine the semantic context. If â€Å"run,† for instance, can refer to rapid, bipedal locomotion in some contexts, we can eliminate that option in contexts where there are no legs or feet. If â€Å"run† can mean â€Å"flow,† or â€Å"drip,† it is a possible way of understanding it where noses and faucets appear, but not where liquids do not appear. In everyday speech, we do this kind of comparison to semantic context so rapidly and unreflectively that we are not normally aware of doing it. But we do it nevertheless, and normally with great accuracy. It is imperative that we do this with biblical literature as well. No word brings its full semantic field with it into any given context. Yet many fanciful pulpit statements are due to the attempt to do this very thing. 2. â€Å"Root† Meanings Many people speak of â€Å"root meanings. † Many people speak of ghosts. Neither exists. Apparently, when people speak of â€Å"root† meanings of words, they are attempting to find the distilled essence, or the common semantic range of the word in each of its contexts. This may, by dumb luck, work in some circumstances, but it won’t work in most. What common â€Å"root† meaning is there in the word â€Å"run† which can account for the variety of uses listed above? Is it motion? Perhaps, for the athlete, the flag, even the nose (which doesn’t move itself, but its contents do). But is there any â€Å"motion† involved in the statement that a person is running for an office? Is any motion taking place when a movie â€Å"runs† for six weeks? Is a â€Å"run† in a stocking a movement of some sort? I fail to see how there is, without redefining the word â€Å"motion† to include virtually everything. And if we do this, then we aren’t learning anything specific about the term in question (This is the practical deficiency of the Componential Analysis approach to Semantics; if one finds an element common enough to be related to all the various uses, it isn’t specific enough to be any real help in any given context). In actual fact, we don’t really know why people use terms in such a broad range of ways as they do. But the answer certainly doesn’t lie in the fact of some alleged â€Å"root† meaning, common to all uses. Thus, for interpretation’s sake, it is better not to speak of â€Å"root† meanings at all. Just look at the entire semantic field, and then limit that field by the contextual considerations. This doesn’t mean that there are no similarities in the variety of a term’s uses. If we return to â€Å"run,† we can determine several â€Å"sub†-fields. We can see â€Å"run† used of liquids, to indicate they are flowing. We can see â€Å"run† used with machines to indicate that they are operating as they should. We can see it used in reference to putting one foot ahead of another repeatedly, in rapid succession, which would embrace the athlete, and, by extension, the â€Å"runs† in a baseball game (which are a short-hand reference to someone â€Å"running† around the bases). But these fields do not appear to be related to each other, and worse, these fields do not account for the stocking or the flag. Perhaps we ought to just bring â€Å"root† meanings out once a year, on October 31st, and then put them back for the rest of the year. 3. Etymologies and Semantic Change Etymology is a perfectly valid field of study. Etymology is the study of the history of a word’s usage. It has the historical benefit of demonstrating to us what a word might have meant in a given period. One thing etymologists have discovered, of course, is that words change over time. That is, people apparently use terms in an increasing variety of ways, extending known usages, and coining new usages. Thus, the history of a word’s usage is not necessarily any help in determining its meaning in a particular context. And certainly it is not the case that the â€Å"earliest† known meaning is the â€Å"true,† â€Å"real,† or, need I say it, â€Å"root† meaning. â€Å"Gay,† for instance, might well have meant â€Å"happy† or â€Å"carefree† in certain places in certain times. It most emphatically does not mean that today in San Francisco. Do not be misled; a â€Å"happy† hour at a â€Å"gay† bar may be a very miserable experience for a heterosexual teetotaler. The biblical interpreter is not particularly interested in what a term may have meant several centuries prior to the time in question. Rather, the biblical interpreter wants to know what range of meaning a term had in the period in question. Etymology is not particularly helpful as a guide to the meaning of a term in any given context. Semantic context is the more reliable guide. 4. Polyvalency You may run across (oops, another use of â€Å"run†) this term from time to time, so you may as well know what it means. â€Å"Polyvalency† refers to the ability of a given term to have a number of meanings in any given historical period. â€Å"Run† is polyvalent. It is important for the interpreter to be aware of the full range of possible meanings of a given word, before determining what it means in its given context. 5. Words and Concepts For the sake of clarity, it is helpful to distinguish between a word and a concept. Most words can be employed to denote a number of concepts, and most concepts can be addressed by using a range of terms. Thus, charis is a word; grace is a concept which can be labeled in a variety of ways. So, if you want to study, â€Å"The Grace of God in the New Testament,† you would certainly include not only a word study of charis, but also passages which refer to God’s gracious activity without employing that particular term. For instance, the parable of the laborers in the vineyard reflects God’s gracious character, as those who come along late in the day receive equal recompense with those who have labored all day. God graciously gives the kingdom not only to the Jews, but also to the Gentiles, who come on the scene a bit late, redemptive-historically speaking. 6. Semantic â€Å"Minimalism† One of the best axioms to apply when attempting to discover the meaning of any given word was first coined by Ferdinand de Saussure and his followers. The best meaning of a given term is the meaning which contributes the least to the overall meaning of the sentence. In most communication acts, we do not â€Å"load up† a given word with a lot of meaning. Rather, we speak in paragraphs and sentences — the individual words have little meaning in and of themselves, but much meaning when tied to one another. Many seminarians and preachers seem to be unaware of this, for they frequently interpret the Bible as though its individual words were almost magical, possessing great truths and mysteries in six or seven letters. There are very few technical terms in any language, which are more heavily â€Å"loaded† than most words. Concluding Observations If one were to state briefly the results of linguistic study in the last few generations, one would certainly have to refer to the importance of context. Linguistics has made us repeatedly aware of the fact that the fundamental communicative unit is the sentence, not the word. Individual words, removed from the context of a sentence, rarely communicate effectively. Words strung together, mutually supporting and interpreting one another, can communicate very effectively. For biblical students, this means that we must look at the larger unites of communication (the sentence and paragraph) at least as seriously as we look at individual words. We must be aware of the fact that a given word can signify a number of different things in a number of different contexts. Personally, I would like to see more sermons on whole chapters of scripture, and even on entire books, and fewer sermons on a verse here or there. If a person can produce a single 20-minute distillation of Romans 1-11, he can certainly handle Romans 6:3 when it shows up. If the contextual emphasis of contemporary linguistics can help us see the â€Å"forest† of a biblical book, as opposed to merely the â€Å"trees† of individual words, it will have done us and God’s kingdom a great service. ________________________________________ Dr. T. David Gordon, a native of Richmond, VA, is currently Professor of Religion and Greek at Grove City College in Grove City, PA, where he has served since 1999. Previously, he had taught for thirteen years at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. ________________________________________ TRANSLATION METHODS ‘ WORD FOR WORD translation: The SL word order is preserved and the words translated by their most common meanings. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as pre-translation process. ‘ LITERAL translation: The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical items are again translated out of context. As pre-translation process, it indicates problems to be solved. ‘ FAITHFUL translation: It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation from SL norms. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer. ‘ SEMANTIC translation: It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished version. It does not rely on cultural equivalence and makes very small concessions to the readership. While `faithful’ translation is dogmatic, semantic translation is more flexible. ‘ COMMUNICATIVE translation: It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. IDIOMATIC translation: It reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms. ‘ FREE translation: It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original. ‘ ADAPTATION: This is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and poetry: themes, characters, plots preserved, SL culture converted to TL culture and text is rewritten. From A Textbook of Translation by P. Newmark

The eNotes Blog Gatsby from MultiplePerspectives

Gatsby from MultiplePerspectives After teaching The Great Gatsby  for many, many years, I couldn’t help but get bored with the same old interpretation of the geography:   East Egg represents the old rich, West Egg represents the new rich, The Valley of the Ashes represents industrialization.   Blah, blah, blah.   That’s why I was excited to find a totally different (although controversial) interpretation right here on .     It all began with one of the answers in our Question and Answer section which, ironically, was on the synecdoche in The Great Gatsby.   Suddenly, my teacher-mind (numbed by years of teaching the exact same thing) became reenergized again and I posted a query to the discussion board.   What was most interesting was to hear the loud voices of dissenters!   (Was it truly surprising to me that, as teachers, we would desire to cling to our time-tested ways of looking at literary pieces?)   Desiring to research the new perspective myself, I came to a lesson on The Great Gatsby from Multiple Perspectives, began to peruse and be amazed. Suddenly, I was being presented with The Great Gatsby from a feminist, Marxist, and archetypal point of view!   Never before had I broached the subject of how Fitzgerald himself had â€Å"treated† women in his novel or whether the female characters were, in fact, â€Å"complete† or victims of â€Å"gender inequality.†Ã‚   It was totally new to me to discover a separation of the characters into the powerful and the powerless, as cars as the symbols of power, or of the impact of a specifically Midwestern, middle-class narrator.  Ã‚   I had never thought before to divide characters into types such as the hero, the scapegoat, the loner, and the temptress. Furthermore, as a teacher, it is just so exciting to inject novelty into a subject that becomes so very monotone year after year.   Now the trysts of Daisy and Gatsby, the bloody blotch on the yellow car, Nick’s quaint cottage in West Egg, and those ominous eyes of Eckleburg will never quite look the same ever again.

Soler Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

Soler Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples Soler is a Spanish verb frequently used to indicate the action of doing something as a customary practice or that something usually happens. It has no direct English equivalent, but it can be translated as tends to do something or usually does something. This article includes soler conjugations in the present and imperfect indicative, the present and past subjunctive, and other verb forms such as the gerund and past participle. Using the Verb Soler Soler is a unique verb for three different reasons: Soler is a defective verb in that it isnt used in all forms. It is rarely used in tenses other than the present indicative, imperfect indicative and present subjunctive, although it can be used with the past participle to form the present perfect. It isnt used in the preterite, future, or conditional tenses, nor in the imperative mood.As an auxiliary verb, it is always followed by an infinitive verb.Soler is a stem-changing verb, which means that when the stem is stressed, the -o changes to -ue. For example, the first-person indicative present form of soler is suelo. Its stem changes follow the same conjugation pattern as mover. Soler Present Indicative One of the most frequent uses of soler is in the present indicative tense. Notice that the stem changes from -o to -ue in all of the present tense conjugations except nosotros and vosotros. Yo suelo Yo suelo hacer la tarea por la noche. I tend to do my homework at night. Tà º sueles Tà º sueles trabajar muy tarde. You tend to work very late. Usted/à ©l/ella suele Ella suele ir a la iglesia con su madre. She usually goes to church with her mother. Nosotros solemos Nosotros solemos ver televisià ³n por la noche. We usually watch television at night. Vosotros solà ©is Vosotros solà ©is comer comida saludable. You tend to eat healthy food. Ustedes/ellos/ellas suelen Ellos suelen ser muy responsables. They tend to be very responsible. Imperfect Indicative The imperfect is used to talk about ongoing or repeated actions in the past. Soler in the imperfect is usually translated as used to do something. Yo solà ­a Yo solà ­a hacer la tarea por la noche. I used to do my homework at night. Tà º solà ­as Tà º solà ­as trabajar muy tarde. You used to work very late. Usted/à ©l/ella solà ­a Ella solà ­a ir a la iglesia con su madre. She used to go to church with her mother. Nosotros solà ­amos Nosotros solà ­amos ver televisià ³n por la noche. We used to watch television at night. Vosotros solà ­ais Vosotros solà ­ais comer comida saludable. You used to eat healthy food. Ustedes/ellos/ellas solà ­an Ellos solà ­an ser muy responsables. They used to be very responsible. Present Progressive/Gerund Form The gerund verb form can be used as an adverb or to form progressive tenses. This verb form is not very frequently used for the verb soler. Past Participle The past participle can be used as an adjective or to form perfect tenses like the present perfect. Perfect tenses are formed with the auxiliary haber, plus the past participle. Present Perfect of Soler ha solido Ella ha solido ir a la iglesia con su madre. She has tended to go to church with her mother. Soler Present Subjunctive In the present subjunctive there is also a stem change o to ue for all the conjugations except nosotros and vosotros, just like in the present indicative tense. Que yo suela Mi profesor sugiere que yo suela hacer la tarea por la noche. My professor suggests that I tend to do my homework at night. Que tà º suelas La jefa pide que tà º suelas trabajar muy tarde. The boss asks that you tend to work late. Que usted/à ©l/ella suela El padre espera que ella suela ir a la iglesia con su madre. The priest hopes that she tend to go to church with her mother. Que nosotros solamos El nià ±o espera que nosotros solamos ver televisià ³n por la noche. The boy hopes that we tend to watch television at night. Que vosotros solis La doctora espera que vosotros solis comer comida saludable. Your mother hopes that you tend to eat healthy food. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas suelan La consejera recomienda que ellos suelan ser muy responsables. The counselor recommends that they tend to be very responsible. Imperfect Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive is used in situations that happened in the past, but it has the same usage as the present subjunctive. The imperfect subjunctive has two different possible conjugations: Option 1 Que yo soliera Mi profesor sugerà ­a que yo soliera hacer la tarea por la noche. My professor suggested that I tend to do my homework at night. Que tà º solieras La jefa pedà ­a que tà º solieras trabajar muy tarde. The boss asked that you tend to work late. Que usted/à ©l/ella soliera El padre esperaba que ella soliera ir a la iglesia con su madre. The priest hoped that she tend to go to church with her mother. Que nosotros solià ©ramos El nià ±o esperaba que nosotros solià ©ramos ver televisià ³n por la noche. The boy hoped that we tend to watch television at night. Que vosotros solierais La doctora esperaba que vosotros solierais comer comida saludable. Your mother hoped that you tend to eat healthy food. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas solieran La consejera recomendaba que ellos solieran ser muy responsables. The counselor recommended that they tend to be very responsible. Option 2 Que yo soliese Mi profesor sugerà ­a que yo soliese hacer la tarea por la noche. My professor suggested that I tend to do my homework at night. Que tà º solieses La jefa pedà ­a que tà º solieses trabajar muy tarde. The boss asked that you tend to work late. Que usted/à ©l/ella soliese El padre esperaba que ella soliese ir a la iglesia con su madre. The priest hoped that she tend to go to church with her mother. Que nosotros solià ©semos El nià ±o esperaba que nosotros solià ©semos ver televisià ³n por la noche. The boy hoped that we tend to watch television at night. Que vosotros solieseis La doctora esperaba que vosotros solieseis comer comida saludable. Your mother hoped that you tend to eat healthy food. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas soliesen La consejera recomendaba que ellos soliesen ser muy responsables. The counselor recommended that they tend to be very responsible.