Malinowskis Legacy and His Views on Theory Essay

Malinowskis Legacy and His Views on Theory - Essay Example Malinowski's approach was holistic. The interaction of the natives was associated with magic, spirituality and kinship. He did later field work in Africa and the Oaxaca Valley in Mexico. Malinowski was the first Chair of Anthropology at the University of London. He lectured at Harvard and Cornell Universities and in many cities worldwide. He was a visiting professor at Yale University. His reputation as a lecturer and writer was excellent. He was fluent in English and other European languages and also became fluent in the languages of the native tribes he studied. Malinowski founded Anthropological Functionalism. He believed that all parts of a society formed a balanced system by interacting with each other. One of his achievements was to combine cultural theory with psychology. He believed that all beliefs, ideas, customs and objects fulfills a necessary function, has a goal to attain and is a vital part with the working of the entire society. His emphasis was on the characteristics of rituals, beliefs, religion, ceremonies, sexual taboos and customs. (Bronislaw Malinowski 1884 - 1942) Humans have a quest for knowledge and the truths about reality. We observe the universe in its entirety. Then, we chose a part of the universe to study. A hypothesis is formulated about our observations. Then, we experiment to see if what we have observed can be duplicated each time the methods we have chosen are used. When this happens, we have found truth. An example is that two molecules of hydrogen and one of oxygen will form water. This never varies. Not all theories can be verified by what is called the scientific method. An example of this is the factors that can cause a child to become a juvenile delinquent. A theory might attribute this to a child in a single parent family who is abused and lives among peers who are delinquents. Not all children who have one parent who abuses them and who live in a subculture of crime will become juvenile delinquents although this makes the possibility of delinquency greater. Philosophy is the quest for knowledge and wisdom to be able to understand the natures of humans, the universe, purpose, spirituality and other facets of life. Functionalism is a doctrine of the philosophy of the mind. The theory is that which causes a mental state is not internal, but depends on the role or function a person plays in his or her cognitive system. This is based on Aristotle's theory of the soul. He believed that the soul is "the form of a natural, organized human body - the set of powers or capacities that enable it to express its 'essential whatness', which for Aristotle is a matter of fulfilling the function or purpose that defines it as the kind of thing it is." (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) The soul is not is not a product of the physical condition of the physical body, but show itself in certain parts corresponding to stages of biological development influenced by reason, movement and nutrition.

Issue analysis on three prespectives Research Paper

Issue analysis on three prespectives - Research Paper Example As a means of understanding the question from these three distinctly different points of view, the author hopes to provide a level of insight into some of the motivating factors surrounding the seemingly endless public and governmental debates concerning tuition fee hikes and the effects that these necessitate on the government, private citizen, university employee, and student. Moreover, by analyzing such determinants, it is the hope of this author that the strengths and inherent weaknesses and flaws of each of these vantage points will be adequately represented to the reader. With respect to the first vantage point, that of the neoclassical conservative one, this is an economic point of view that is almost solely concerned with the maximization of utility. In other words, the equilibrium of supply and demand economics is one in which the utility of the shareholder is most appropriately met where the supply and demand curves intersect. E. Roy Weintraub, a prominent economist, noted that the three main determinates of the neoclassical economic understanding were as follows: the understanding and belief that people have rational preferences among outcomes that can be identified and associated with a value, the belief that individuals maximize utility and firms maximize profits, and the belief that people act independently on the basis of full and relevant information (Weintraub, 2011). With each of these determinants, it is readily noted that the main underlying purpose is concentric around the elements of supply and demand fulfilling their purpose of finding the integration point at which the desire of suppliers to provide themselves with the maximal profit and the desire of the consumer to pay the least amount possible is met at the equilibrium point. This neoclassical and/or conservative approach is one which has defined the free market for the better part of 100 years; and indeed the very same approach that the current Keynesian system currently operates wit hin. However, such an approach is found wanting with respect to the degree that it factors in the need to educate the populace or other social goods. The fact of the matter is that although supply and demand/neoclassical understandings of economics help to appreciate the nuances of many other markets, the market for education is something unique due to the residual and societal good that it generates as a function of its impartation. For this fact, the proceeding views with regards to the way that the market for education should be provided to the end consumer have sought to deviate from the traditional or neoclassical approach that has hitherto been detailed. Moreover, such an approach necessarily relies on the laissez faire concept of economics whereby a tuition increase would merely be seen as something that the market would have to accommodate without enlisting any government or tertiary influence into the matter. This understanding of the marketplace as something that requires little to any interference is a hallmark of the neoclassical system. A fundamental difference that develops within the mixed/liberal approach as compared to the neoclassical appr

Graphics Communications Industry Essay Example for Free

Graphics Communications Industry Essay Graphics Communications Industry, according to the College of Technology at the University of Houston, is defined as the processes and industries that create, develop, produce, and disseminate products utilizing or incorporating words or pictorial images to convey information, ideas, and feelings. Its products make possible learning, enjoyment, enthusiasm, and business. These products like books, magazine, maps, invitation, etc. are part of people’s daily life. Graphic Communications includes those market sectors that exploit the technologies of printing, publishing, packaging, electronic imaging, and other associated industries. They are often referred to as the graphic arts, print, or imaging industries. Graphic communication companies are entrepreneurial and innovative. Ideas are created on the computer and carried through different stages that can include the Internet as well as printed forms of several types and variations. Due to the emerging technological advances, companies in the business have expanded services such as creative design, e-commerce, web page design and hosting, mailing, fulfillment, and a multitude of services that provide parallel marketing beyond the major printing activity. (Education Summit for the Graphic Arts 1) The field of Graphic Communications is obviously a technology-based system. It includes the developing technologies of computer-age press, image generation, data repurposing, designing and posting internet web pages, interactive multimedia, digital photography, electronic digital imaging, and desktop publishing. Furthermore, it offers a lot of career opportunities. Thus, it contributes a lot to the economy. It needs millions of people in a range of challenging technical, creative, or professional activities. They vary from small companies with a few workers to large plants with several hundred people on multiple shifts. Almost all companies have acquired modern computerized equipment and stay updated with technology changes taking place in the industry. The top ten leading states in total number of graphic communication employees are California, Illinois, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, New Jersey, and Michigan. (Education Summit for the Graphic Arts 1) REFERENCES: â€Å"Graphic Communications Industry. † (2006). College of Technology, University of Houston. 7 April 2009 †¹http://graphics. tech. uh. edu/industry/industry. php†º â€Å"The GraphicCommunication Industry: A Quick Overview. † (April, 2008). Education Summit for the Graphic Arts. 7 April 2009 †¹http://teched. vt. edu/gcc/HTML/CareerInfo/PDFs/GraphicCommunicationOverview. pdf†º

Post Colonial Society: Hamza Alvi

Post Colonial Society: Hamza Alvi In his influential article on the state in post colonial society, Hamza Alvi argues that the original base of the post colonial state apparatus lies in the class forces existing in the colonial era Metropole. The task colonial state apparatus was to subordinate all the indigenous classes (indigenous bourgeois, the Metropolitan neo-colonist bourgeoisie and the landed masses) in the colony. It did not rest on any of these classes. On the contrary, the colonial power established highly developed military and bureaucracy to control these classes, thus the state apparatus was overdeveloped. He further argues that if a colony has a weak and underdeveloped indigenous bourgeoisie, it will be unable at the moment of independence to subordinate the relatively highly developed colonial state apparatus through which the metropolitan power had exercised dominion over it. As an alternative, a new convergence of interests of three competing propertied classes will emerge. Under these circumstances, the bureaucratic-military oligarchy, that has a distinct relative autonomy, would play a role of mediator among these classes and will take a top position in the hierarchy of post colonial state. As a result, the state apparatus acquires relatively autonomous role and is not simply the instrument of any of these classes. Conversely, the demands and interests persist no longer contradictory. Since, this idea was proposed by keeping in mind the political dynamics of post colonial societies of Pakistan and Bangladesh, therefore, my contention is to draw arguments in light of political and social changes in these societies. To draw the role of bureaucracy and military in the colonial era, I will rely on Hamza Alvis accounts and lectures of Dr, Yaqoob K. Bangash. Bureaucracy and Military during Colonial era Hamza Alvi mentions that in colonial India the colonial power established the powerful institutions of bureaucracy and military to subordinate other three bourgeois classes. Therefore, the state structure of India was overdeveloped. This rhetoric is somehow correct in regard of bureaucracy, as it was the main source of policy making and issue resolution. The reason behind the supremacy of bureaucracy was that the colonial apparatus ensured the priority role of bureaucracy in solving the day to day issues of the masses- therefore, the masses accepted their authority. The other possible reason could be the psychological one as the politicians used to blame the bureaucrats in front of public to hide their own failures- so, the masses accepted the quality power of the bureaucracy. He assigns with military the same role in colonial state apparatus as he assigns with bureaucracy. However, the modern researches show that the military, in first half of the 20th century, was not as powerful as portrayed by Alvi. In-fact, the military had no role in decision making as most of the policies were articulated by either parliament or bureaucracy. Moreover, the masses did not know the dominance of military in the state apparatus. Besides, with the beginning of the 20th century the numbers of military personnels in the Indian colonial army were dramatically reduced. Therefore, it is plausible to say that the Hamza Alvi miscalculated the role of military in colonial state apparatus. Therefore, it can be assumed that if the state apparatus was overdeveloped than it would have been partially overdeveloped. In the next section, I will investigate, is there was continuity in the role of the bureaucracy? If not, then under which circumstances the military and bureaucracy took control of the state apparatus? To answer these questions I will draw a chronology of events in post colonial Pakistan with the help of Hamza Alvis and Dr. Ejaz Hussains accounts. Bureaucratic-military oligarchy and Pakistan Muslim League, as being the vanguard of the movement for national independence, inherited the mantle of legitimacy. The Muslim League initially provided the faà §ade of parliamentary government. However, Muslim League leaned heavily on the stature and authority of its leader, Quaid-e Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, who died soon after independence. Soon, it lost its bases and started to disintegrate dramatically. As a result, the powerful inherited bureaucracy took a central position. Even during his lifetime Jinnah preferred bureaucratic machinery over electoral politics as he might have thought that a well trained civil bureaucracy would solve Pakistans various problems, such as the settlement of refugees etc. (Hussain 2010, 280). The inherited military that was not fully developed at that time, adopted a strategic partnership with the bureaucracy to accomplish socioeconomic interests (Hussain 2010). Hamza Alvi calls this collaboration bureaucratic-military oligarchy. Bureaucratic-military oligarchy manipulated and installed and barred the politicians and political parties. In 1958, the prospects of the approaching general elections posed a challenge to the supremacy of the bureaucratic-military oligarchy, therefore, it seized power by abolishing the institutions of parliamentary government. Its noteworthy that the constitution was abrogated by ex military man-turned bureaucrat-turned politician Iskandar Mirza. And Later, Commander in Chief Ayub Khan assumed power. But, at this juncture the bureaucratic-military oligarchy employed politicians to extract legitimacy from the masses and in the 1962 spoof democratic politics under Ayub Khans system of Basic Democracy was introduced. Ayub Khan resigned in 1969 but left the reins of power securely in the hands of the bureaucratic-military oligarchy. President Yahya Khan promised restoration of constitutional government and an election was held in December 1970 which ended in the political crisis which culminated in the secession of Bangladesh. Assessments The cross examining of colonial and post colonial state apparatus of Pakistan, depicts that it was a failure of politicians and political parties rather than the weakness of three exploiting bourgeoisie classes to avoid the supremacy of bureaucracy and military. It is also apparent that there was not continuity in the bureaucracys principal role in post colonial state apparatus. Ironically, the political leadership itself invited the bureaucracy to adopt the role of the principal actor. Hence, it can be concluded that the Hamza Alvis overdeveloped thesis is null and void on the basis of two arguments. First, he miscalculated the role of the military in the colonial era that makes the basis of his theory ambiguous. Second, despite his emphasis there was no continuity in the key role of bureaucracy and military in a post colonial state apparatus that makes his thesis illogical. Overview Of Personality Humanist Theorist: Carl Rogers Overview Of Personality Humanist Theorist: Carl Rogers Carl Rogers (1902-1987) humanist theorist is best remembered for his nondirective method of therapy. His approach was based on a client-centered form of clinical work. He believed that a humans basic foundation was that of good and positive features. Rogers theory suggests that people aspire to achieve their fullest potential if unhindered. A trained therapist should only be involved with an individual that is willing to participate in the therapeutic process. This paper will review the theories that Rogers favored and how his research impacted the field of psychology. Rogers was born into a conservative family in a Chicago suburb. His early studies included agricultural, seminary and social philosophy. While pursuing his seminary studies he also took psychology courses at a nearby affiliated school. As his studies progressed he became frustrated with religion and more captivated with psychology. With the influence of psychology instructors he chose to transfer to the affiliated school to pursue his doctorate in clinical psychology where he first encountered Freudian thinking. Like Freud, Rogers became a clinician. However, his strategies in therapy were far different. In the early years of Rogers clinical and laboratory work he was frustrated with the then established forms of psychotherapy. Kirschenbaum (2004) noted that Rogers was impressed at how strong the human will is and how patients will resist even the most skillful therapist interventions when it goes against their purposes or they have not chosen to change themselves. Rogers had become acquainted with relationship therapy from students of Otto Rank, whose focus was on the patients self-insight and self-acceptance within the therapeutic relationship (Kirschenbaum). In 1939, Rogers published his first book, The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child. This publication launched his career and gave him the opportunity to start communicating his own views on counseling and psychotherapy. Now students of Rogers were asking what his views on counseling and psychotherapy were. By 1942 Rogers published those views in his second book, Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice. But Rogers pià ¨ce de rà ©sistance was the publishing the work that defined his place in psychological therapeutic theory, Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications, and Theory, in 1951. Rogers received many awards throughout his life. He was the president for the American Association for Applied Psychology (1944-1945), of the American Psychological Association (APA) (1946-1947), and of the APAs Division of Clinical and Abnormal Psychology (1949-1950); and he was the first president of the newly formed American Academy of Psychotherapists (1956). He remained active in his work until his death in 1987. It was poignant to note that on the day of his death, February 4, 1987, a letter arrived to inform Rogers that he had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Improving the strategies of psychotherapy was very important to Rogers. As a therapist he worked very hard to comprehend concepts available to him. As he began his practice he looked to improve the client-centered process, thereby lending to the development of the client-centered approach, also called person-centered psychotherapy. Rogers association with Sigmund Freud was short-lived and his similarity lies in their primary focus was clinical work. B. F. Skinner and Rogers agreed that they wanted to see approximately the same type of person in the future (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2007, p. 455) but Skinner argued that their differences were in the methods they were choosing to arrive at that future-behaviorism versus humanism. In addition, Rogers and George Kelly alike believed that humans sought, and were capable of, better personal . . . conditions (p. 408). There were several events in Rogers early studies and career that affected the development of his nondirective method of therapy. One of the earliest was that of watching his children grow up. Hergenhan and Olson (2007) discussed an early scrutiny of Rogers saying observing his children grow up taught him far more about individuals, their development, and their relationships than [he] could ever have learned professionally (p. 440). In pursuit of his PhD. Rogers learned that the psychoanalytic approach was often unproductive. The one event, however, according to Kirschenbaum (2004), that seemed to influence his historically noteworthy psychotherapeutic discovery happened while trying to help a mother find a solution to her delinquent sons behavior. Rogers theory that this mothers rejection of her son was the cause of his delinquency was met with no resolution. At the time that they agreed that they had both tried and failed, she queried Rogers about whether he took adults for counsel ing as well as youths. When he responded with assent, she asked for help for herself. It was this experience that Rogers realized that it was the client that knew the direction in which therapy should take. Kirschenbaum quotes Rogers saying that it began to occur to me that unless I had a need to demonstrate my own cleverness and learning, I would do better to rely on the client for the direction of movement in the [therapeutic] process. Additionally, it was at this point in Rogers theoretical progression that he encountered Alfred Adler from which he learned that a therapist could learn more by determining how the patient relates to the here and now (Hergenhan and Olson, 2007, p. 441), rather than focusing the patients history. Boeree (2006) commented on Rogers theories of fulfillment and satisfaction of the needs of all living organisms, even that of plant life-that it is in the nature of all life to expend effort to reach a definitive potential. He further stated that People . . . in the course of actualizing their potentials, created society and culture.   In and of itself, thats not a problem . . . But when we created culture, it developed a life of its own. Confessing that culture is not in itself evil, Boeree noted that culture for the most part has helped humankind survive and prosper, but at the same time it may have caused to hinder a persons self-fulfillment. Alfred Adlers concept of striving for superiority was a forerunner of Rogers suggestion of the incongruent self. Rogers believed that people, even infants, when given the chance, will choose what is best for them (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2007, p. 443). This is related to Rogers method of Organismic Valuing Process. He believed that experience was the authority on the developing personality. Rogers was noted as saying that Neither the Bible nor the prophets-neither Freud nor research-neither the revelations of God nor man-can take precedence over my own experience (p. 444). Rogers optimistic view of the human personality development fostered his belief that humans strive to positively enhance their own experience. He believed that experience took authority over all else, hence he pardoned persons that acted negatively attributing it to fear and defensiveness. Negative behavior was not in accordance with nature. Rogers believed that even those who acted out of fear and defensiveness had strong positive tendencies at deep levels which needed to be discovered. According to Hergenhahn and Olsen, the positive tendency Rogers was speaking of was the actualizing tendency (p.443). According to Rogers, actualizing tendency is the driving force as opposed to Freuds instincts as the driving force behind personality. Using actualizing tendency, humans evaluate their experiences with the organismic valuing process. This process, Rogers believed was within each human. It is sanctioned by a persons own senses. Other in the environment can devalue and even reject an individuals personal valuing process. When that occurs, many adopt other values to please external sources and the self-actualization goal is stunted. Cooper (2003) suggests this leaves the individual adapting to ideas and values conceived by others and thereby torn between what should be a fluid and malleable process, maximizing their ultimate development, and the rigid concepts of others. This can be particularly precarious because as Pescitelli (1996) suggests a person that is self-accepting is more accepting of others. That being the case, the individual may be overly influenced by the ideas of others, corrupting their personal fulfillment. Further, Cooper indicated that with Rogers and other humanistic psychologists the resolution came with reconnecting with the individual experience process. This process could be accomplished with Rogers nondirective, client-centered therapy that uses empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence (p. 96). In Rogers phenomenological reality, Hergenhahn and Olson (2007) noted that the subjective world determines the behavior of people. When the environment interrupts the positive developmental process that takes place naturally, the individual misses experiences that enhance the self-concept that is positively valued and prepares for the emergence of the self. When an event or experience enters a persons awareness it becomes symbolized according to Rogers (p.444). Pescitelli (1996) commented on the value of an individual realizing their fullest potential and agreed that there needed to be an internal agreement within the individual and that the human capacity for awareness and the ability to symbolize gives us enormous power . . . but he also advised that care be taken, because if the self-awareness is distorted, then the growth may be unstable. Critical to Rogers person-centered approach to therapy is the clients receiving love, care, respect and acceptance from persons that are important the individuals life is the need for positive regard. People want to feel appreciated by the people that are most important to them. In the work of Rogers (1979), he stated that each individual has within him or herself vast resources for self-understanding, for altering the self-concept, basic attitudes, and his or her self-directed behavior. . . and that three conditions needed to exist to foster a growth-promoting climate in any situation which development of the person is the goal, (1) congruence, (2) unconditional positive regard, and (3) empathetic understanding. Incongruency occurs when people stop using their organismic valuing process. When people lose their sense of value, they begin to lean on society to make choices for them. This is when society begins to determine value over what their internal value system should tell them. Their frame of reference belongs to someone else. This is the first condition that Rogerss suggested was important between the therapist and the client-congruence. A genuineness and realness is imperative on the part of the therapist for the client to excel in their growth potential. Secondly, the unconditional positive regard was the means in which the therapist demonstrates acceptance of the clients climate at that moment. Moments change, attitudes change and the therapist needs to show nonpossessive [sic] caring (Rogers, 1979) for the client to flourish. Rogers believed that unconditional positive regard was an essential ingredient of psychotherapy (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2007, p 450). Thirdly, the precursor of the qualified therapist is achievement of empathetic understanding. It is vital that the therapist be so attuned to the client that they can clarify not only the meanings of which the client is aware but even those just below the level of awareness. According to Rogers, thi s was the ability to listen with real understanding, true empathy (1979). One noteworthy event that Rogers participated in was a video recording of an interview with a client, Gloria. This video recording was one of a three part film series comparing three forms of psychotherapy: (1) Client-centered by Carl Rogers, (2) Gestalt by Frederick Perls, and (3) Rational emotive by Albert Ellis. The client-centered approach ended with remarks by Rogerss interview with Gloria whereas, in essence, he was moved by the process that Gloria progressed through in her efforts of self-discovery starting with her description of her past and moving into her current situation. The evidence was demonstrated by Rogers-the value of the establishing the proper climate for the exchange of information, the genuineness of the therapist and the showing of empathy. These measures gave an observable impact on Gloria (Psychological Films, 1965). A study by Wickman and Campbell (2003) investigated the session between Rogers and Gloria. The study attested to the result of the client-cente red approach that Rogers employed. It genuinely made a difference in how Gloria felt about herself, when they reported that she made the statement Rogers had helped me to recognize my potential-my value as a human being gives credit to that concept. Additionally, Rogerss demonstration of empathy, genuineness and unconditional positive regard during the session helped Gloria see that she could be her own agent of change. As far as the analysis of Rogers work and impact on current psychotherapy is concerned, the overall desire of all type of therapy is that of taking care of the patient. In many cases, as Rogerss work showed it is that the patient that knows simply what is causing them trouble. The work of the client-centered therapist is to delve into the patients comments and to help them to uncover a workable solution to their problem on their own. The trained therapist should have the tools to help them to do so. Rogerss concept is very simplistic. There are occasions where a patient or client may have some physical limitation or mental illness that inhibits the progression to achieving a fully functioning person, i.e., schizophrenia, bi-polar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and others. Therapy alone may not be the solution, but therapy with medication may bring the patient very close. Hergenhahn and Olson (2007) observed that Rogers also felt strongly that a when person that does what truly feels good [that] is the best guide for action (p.462). They also remarked that Rogers said little about the developmental experiences that are conducive to healthy growth. I would posit that talk-therapy like what was demonstrated by Rogers with the patient; Gloria is a very effective strategy for someone like me. Intelligent, functioning persons that lack in positive self-esteem or reinforcement, benefit when tactical questions and conversational techniques like those of Rogers are used. It is also noteworthy that Rogers form of psychotherapy is still evident in the work of psychologists today. What is personally evident is that there are numerous therapeutic strategies available to psychologists that are positioned to help persons effectively grow and prosper in this fast-paced society that surrounds humankind today. The path that has been laid and that is being laid is vast. Personalities are challenging to decipher and it takes a psychologist willing to learn about and assimilate the plethora of information and patterns of therapy available to them to be able to benefit the many which ultimately becomes the few.

Business Reengineering Essay -- Business, Change

Reengineering or the business process reengineering was one of the biggest business ideas in the 1990s, in its classical view, Davenport et al (2003) claimed, it incorporated few diverse ideas: â€Å"a) The radical redesign and improvement of work; b) The attacking of board, cross-functional business processes; c) [Stretch] goals of order-of-magnitude improvement; d) The use of IT as an enabler of new ways of working† (p. 157). In the beginning, reengineering was simply an idea to rebuild processes using the then new applications of IT, but lastly it became a dissolute thing: laying-off loads of workers or cutting the cost of production merely to get a company's stock price up; it instead became a real hierarchical diversion or pastime for senior executives that they suppose to create solution or new approach for issues (Ubiquity, 2003). 3C leaders and managers must learn all these past mistakes of reengineering related to organizational change and new business ideas, as Davenport et al (2003) analyzed and suggested: 1) Do not forget that any transformation, change must be implemented by employees. If people and their wishes and behaviors are not consider firstly in any new business approach, it will probably have a tough time succeeding; 2) Do not seize-upon the most radical, hype-laden narrative of the new idea as the one you want to set up in your organization; the expectations about what you can achieve may be raised higher than what you can achieve; 3) Reengineering should augment or supplement rather than replace ideas; No single idea is all-encompassing or all-powerful; 4) Radical or across-the-board change is inherently riskier than incremental change; 5) When carrying out a new business idea, managers are all ... ...in which to run experiments that the gurus may need to develop their proposals or ideas (Harvard). In strategic planning and evaluating creativity, 3C management must measure the courses of idea and creativity to ensure they obtain the best and maximum returns from platforms; feedback, criticism and suggestion could develop into the direction or focus of creativity, but they also would facilitate, motivate and improve idea or innovation in the organization (Davenport et al, 2003). Overall, in order to manage and deal with the attributes that consider stifling creativity in 3C, management not only must discourage intolerance or fear of failure and maintain openness with constructive and optimistic, but they also must continue tolerance, flexibility, determination and intelligent risk taking with understanding creative potential in self (Harvard, 2003).

Free Essays on Invisible Man: Defining Oneself :: Invisible Man Essays

Defining Oneself in Invisible Man Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison is a novel which embodies the universal theme of self-discovery, of the search to figure out who one truly is in life which we all are embarked upon. Throughout the text, the narrator is constantly wondering about who he really is, and evaluating the different identities which he assumes for himself. He progresses from being a hopeful student with a bright future to being just another poor black laborer in New Your City to being a fairly well off spokesperson for a powerful political group, and ultimately to being the "invisible man" which he eventually realizes that he has always been. The deepest irony in this text is that for a significant portion of the story, the narrator is unaware of his own invisibility, in believing that others can "see" him, he is essentially invisible to himself. Only through a long and arduous journey of self-discovery which is fraught with constant and unexpected tragedy and loss does he realize the truth, that his percepti ons of himself and of how others perceived him had been backwards his entire life. The story opens with the narrator participating in a "battle royal" prior to delivering a speech on humility, and on the progress of the Black people. These are the days during which he is still a hopeful scholar, defining himself as a "potential Booker T. Washington." At this point he is living the life that others have told him that he should live, and defines himself as he believes he is seen through their eyes, as an icon of what a Black person can achieve and as a role model for his people. The abuse and degradation which he is put through in the battle royal give him the first inklings that everything is not as it seems, but fail to do anything to change the narrator's perceptions of himself. It is quite possible that if given the chance, the narrator may have gone on living the life that society had preselected for him, and never realized his invisibility, but fate had other plans for him. His entire life was thrown into disarray the day that he was assigned to show around Mr. Norton, a powerful white man and founder of the school that he was attending. The narrator made the mistake of taking Mr.

Data Base Management

Data Base:It is the collection of data regarding an individual, group of people working together, a department in an organization or an organization.[1]Types of Data Base:Depending on the number of people, database is classified into 4 types.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Personal Database:   It is for an individual or single user.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Workgroup Database:   If the employees number is in between 10-15 people.3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Department Database: It is for 15-50 employees.4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enterprise Database: If the no of employees is more than 50 people.Database Model:A Database Model is a visual plan for building a database. It focuses on representing the data as the user actually sees it, bridging between the concepts that make up real-world events.Raw DataThis is the process in which, raw data is collected and is converted into information which is the filtered raw data. Then, the information is described in the proper form called as the meta data which is the data description and this data is collected to form a database. So, database is the organized collection of related data.Data Definition:One very important role of a database management system is to maintain the data definitions for each table and columns in the database.   Each piece of data must be assigned a name, a data type (e.g. date, alphanumeric, numeric) and a mandatory/optional status.[2]Architecture:There are three levels in the design architecture of the database.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   User design:   It can be used by any no of users. It is operational database.2.      Logical design: It is the logical structure of database. It is irrespective of the hardware or other things. It concerns only with logical structure.3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Physical design: It concerns with the hardware requirements of the data base. It is not related to either the user or the logical structure.There are different types of DBMS products: relational, network and hierarchical etc but the most commonly used database management system by most of the commercial organization is the Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS).Data Structures: Data structures (fields, records, files and objects) optimized to deal with very large amounts of data stored on a permanent data storage device (which implies relatively slow access compared to volatile main memory).Database Project:The database project would be developed in different stages like1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Initiation which includes the gathering and defining the data and their types.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Planning of the requirement and how to generate the required outputs.3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Design which includes two parts1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Physical Design: Gathering the hardware requirements.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Logical Design:   Designing the logical structure of database.4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Implementation in which we provide the required data to the database.5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintenan ce: It includes the proper co-ordination of the input and the  Ã‚  Ã‚   requirement.Maintenance:The database project will be maintained using a repository server which provides all the required data and logical functions that are used in the project.Deploy:It is a process of delivery of the output obtained in the project to the client who sends the feed back depending on the report he receives.References:Encyclopedia:Data base management systems, Retrieved 12:06, 17 December 2007.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DatabaseBook:Robert V.Henry, Data Base Management System.Internet blog:1. Information Technology Toolbox, Inc. (1998-2007)2. Database Management systems.[1] Encyclopedia:  Data base management systems, Retrieved 12:06, 17 December 2007.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database [2] Information Technology Toolbox, Inc. (1998-2007)http://database.ittoolbox.com/